網路原理(一) Section 3.2

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
The first packet switching network and predecessor to today’s Internet

AppleTalk
legacy protocol suites.

application protocol
應用層協定，例如: DNS ; DHCP ; SMTP ; POP ; FTP ; HTTP

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
Best known for its standards related to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
超文件標示語言（英語：HyperText Markup Language，簡稱：HTML）是一種用於建立網頁的標準標示語言。 

IEEE 802.3
Ethernet

IEEE 802.11
Wireless LAN

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Organization of electrical engineering and electronics dedicated to advancing technological innovation and creating standards in a wide area of industries including power and energy, healthcare, telecommunications, and networking.  

International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
網際網路名稱與數字位址分配機構

International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
國際電信聯盟電信標準化部門是國際電信聯盟管理下的專門制定遠端通信相關國際標準的組織。

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
互動廣告協會

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
網際網路號碼分配局，是一家網際網路位址指派機構，管理國際網際網路中使用的IP位址、域名和許多其它參數的機構。
 

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 
網際網路工程任務小組負責網際網路標準的開發和推動。

internet protocol
網路協定

Internet Society (ISOC)
網際網路協會，一個非營利的國際性組織，成立於1992年，以促進使用網際網路使用為目的。它的會員制有以下幾種：個人、公司、組織、政府及大學。

Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)
IPX和SPX是一組網路協議，它起初用於Novell NetWare operating systems，後多用於區域網，一般多見於與NetBEUI/NetBIOS比較。

Media Access Control
On an Ethernet network, the data link addresses are known as Ethernet (Media Access Control) addresses. MAC addresses are physically embedded on the Ethernet NIC. 

network access protocols
網路存取協定，例如Ethernet
Network access protocols are responsible for taking the packets from IP and formatting them to be transmitted over the media.

network protocol suite
a network protocol suite must describe precise requirements and interactions. Protocol suites are implemented by hosts and networking devices in software, hardware or both.

protocol model
協定模型

protocol stack
A protocol stack shows how the individual protocols within a suite are implemented. 

proprietary protocol
Some protocols are proprietary which means one company or vendor controls the definition of the protocol and how it functions.
(proprietary : 專有，例如思科就有思科設備專用的協定)

reference model
參考模型

Request for Comments
徵求意見稿（英語：Request For Comments，縮寫為RFC），是由網際網路工程任務組（IETF）發布的一系列備忘錄。

standards organization
標準組織

standards-based protocol
A standards-based protocol is a process that has been endorsed(使合法) by the networking industry and approved by a standards organization.

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Responsible for developing communication standards in a variety of areas including radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, satellite communications, and more.

Transmission Control Protocol/IP  (TCP/IP)
網際網路協定是一個網路通訊模型，以及一整個網路傳輸協定家族，為網際網路的基礎通訊架構。它常被通稱為TCP/IP協定套組，簡稱TCP/IP。

transport protocol
傳輸層協定，例如:TCP, UDP